Faq’s

A kidney stone usually will not cause symptoms until it moves around within the kidney or passes into one of the ureters. The ureters are the tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder.

If a kidney stone becomes lodged in the ureters, it may block the flow of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the ureter to spasm, which can be very painful. At that point, you may experience these symptoms:

1).Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs
2).Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
3).Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
4).Pain or burning sensation while urinating

Other signs and symptoms may include:

5).Pink, red or brown urine
6).Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
7).A persistent need to urinate, urinating more often than usual or urinating in small amounts
8).Nausea and vomiting
9).Fever and chills if an infection is present

Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin.

This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.

Large incisions can be avoided during laparoscopy because the surgeon uses an instrument called a laparoscope.

This is a small tube that has a light source and a camera, which relays images of the inside of the abdomen or pelvis to a television monitor.

The advantages of this technique over traditional open surgery include:

1).a shorter hospital stay and faster recovery time
2).less pain and bleeding after the operation
3).reduced scarring

Laparoscopy can be used to help diagnose a wide range of conditions that develop inside the abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to carry out surgical procedures, such as removing a damaged or diseased organ, or removing a tissue sample for further testing (biopsy).

Laparoscopy is most commonly used in:

1). Gynaecology – the study and treatment of conditions affecting the female reproductive system

2). Gastroenterology – the study and treatment of conditions affecting the digestive system

3). Urology – the study and treatment of conditions affecting the urinary system

A urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system. This system keeps the body clean by filtering out wastes and toxins and taking them out of the body. The urinary tract includes:

1).Bladder
2).Kidneys
3).Ureters
4).Urethra

A urologist also treats conditions involving the reproductive organs and the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys. The reproductive systems of males and females are linked closely to their urinary systems. You might hear someone use the word “genitourinary.” This refers to symptoms, conditions or treatments that affect both systems.

If you want to see a doctor who specializes only in the kidneys, you’d make an appointment with a nephrologist. Nephrology is considered a subspecialty, but it’s a subspecialty of internal medicine rather than urology. This means that nephrologists aren’t surgeons. Nephrologists must also be able to manage conditions that happen elsewhere in the body that cause kidney problems or happen because of kidney problems, like high blood pressure. Urologists, on the other hand, are surgeons.

You may make an appointment or get a referral to a urologist if you have:

1).Trouble urinating (peeing), including getting started or having a strong flow of urine, pain, cloudy urine or blood in the urine .
2).Changes in urination, like frequent urination or feeling like you always have to go.
3).Trouble getting or keeping an erection.
4).Infertility.
5).A feeling that something is falling down into your vagina or heaviness in that area.
6).Pelvic pain.
7).Urinating when you don’t want to, like at night or when you sneeze, laugh or exercise.

Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow out of control. The prostate is a gland found only in males. It makes some of the fluid that is part of semen.

The prostate is below the bladder (the hollow organ where urine is stored) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the intestines). Just behind the prostate are glands called seminal vesicles that make most of the fluid for semen. The urethra, which is the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body through the penis, goes through the center of the prostate.

The size of the prostate can change as a man ages. In younger men, it is about the size of a walnut, but it can be much larger in older men.

Types of prostate cancer

Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers develop from the gland cells (the cells that make the prostate fluid that is added to the semen).

Other types of cancer that can start in the prostate include:

1). Small cell carcinomas
2). Neuroendocrine tumors (other than small cell carcinomas)
3). Transitional cell carcinomas
4). Sarcomas
These other types of prostate cancer are rare. If you are told you have prostate cancer, it is almost certain to be an adenocarcinoma.

Some prostate cancers grow and spread quickly, but most grow slowly. In fact, autopsy studies show that many older men (and even some younger men) who died of other causes also had prostate cancer that never affected them during their lives. In many cases, neither they nor their doctors even knew they had it.